Apple #208: Medicine Hat, Alberta

I came across the name of this town recently. What a name, eh?

I decided that I would finally find out why it is called Medicine Hat, and some other sundry details about it.

First, the name:

• Long ago, a great battle was fought between the Cree and Blackfoot tribes, on the bank of what is now called the South Saskatchewan River, which runs through what is now the center of Medicine Hat.
  
• The Cree were battling hard, but then they saw their medicine man's eagle tailfeather headdress on the ground and they knew he had deserted them. In many tribes, the medicine man was hugely essential to the community, filling the role of spiritual leader, doctor, and overall guide.
  
• When the Cree saw that their medicine man had left, they knew they were done for, and they put down their weapons. They were subsequently slaughtered by the Blackfoot tribe.
• Afterwards the site was referred to as Saami, which is the Blackfoot word for medicine man's hat.

Map of Medicine Hat by the Lion's Club of Medicine Hat

• Medicine Hat is located in the southeastern corner of Alberta, about 250 miles from Great Falls, Montana.
  
• The city is situated in a river valley, pretty much in the middle of prairies.
• The TransCanada Highway also runs diagonally along the southwest side of the city.
  

There's a big statue of a moose in Medicine Hat
(Photo from Big Things in Canada)

• If you go to the city's official website, you will see that it wants to be known as "The Gas City." Okay, Medicine Hat, I'll call you Gas City if you really want me to.
• Actually, there are roughly 20 billion cubic meters of natural gas below the surface of Medicine Hat and its environs
  
• Rudyard Kipling said all that gas below ground meant the area had "all hell for a basement."
  
• Most locals refer to their city as "The Hat."
• An environmental study of Canadian weather found that Medicine Hat is the sunniest city in Canada, with over 2,500 hours of sunshine per year. It also had the highest number of days without rain.
  
• As I type this, it is -6 degrees Fahrenheit in Medicine Hat (for you Canadians, that's -27 degrees C).

This is spring on Medicine Hat College's campus
(Photo from Medicine Hat College)

• As of June 2005, Medicine Hat's population totaled 56,048. To put that into perspective,
• Toronto's population is roughly 5.2 million
• Quebec has 710,800 folks
• Windsor has almost 331,000, or about 5 times the people of Medicine Hat.
  
• In addition to natural gas mining companies and farms in the outlying areas, there's also an army reserve unit based in Medicine Hat (South Alberta Light Horse). Just west of the city is the Suffield base, which trains a lot of military troops, including folks deployed for NATO missions.
  
• You can relax in 100 parks, all within the city limits and all linked by an extensive trail system.
• In August, you can attend the Medicine Hat Stampede, which is actually a rodeo (Canada's second largest), complete with a parade, livestock show, art show, petting farm, and midway.
• In December, the city erects a singing Christmas tree downtown. That's what they say, anyway.

These cows live in Medicine Hat
(Photo from Pahl Livestock)


Sources
WorldWeb.com, Medicine Hat Travel & Tourism and Map of Canada
Medicine Hat, Alberta Business Directory
Canadian Relocation Systems, Medicine Hat, Alberta
TransCanadaHighway.com, Medicine Hat, Alberta
Big Things in Alberta, City of Medicine Hat, Alberta
Reference.com, Medicine Hat, Alberta
Environment Canada, Weather Winners Highlights
City Population, Canada

Some Minor Adjustments

As some of you may be aware, the Blogger folks are updating their service and adding a lot more functionality. All new blogs will be made using their new (and easier!) Beta format. Existing blogs require some tweaking to make the adjustment to the new format. I'm doing some housekeeping things to make that migration happen. One of those things is adding subject labels to each post (see the bottom of each entry).

But I know that, for most of you, that is total yawnsville. In the meantime, I invite you to peruse some season-suitable entries I put together in the past, including

• Turkeys -- find out what that thing is that hangs down under their beak
• Dry Air in Winter -- what can you do to make your house less irritating when the cold weather hits?
• Flu vs. Cold -- do you have a cold, or is it really the flu?
• Wind Chill -- what is "wind chill," anyway?

I'll have a new entry up here soon, I promise.

Apple #207: Days of November

Brace yourselves. Some important holidays are coming up.

Sure, there's Thanksgiving, but in November, there is also so much more. You'll be glad to know that you can send e-greeting cards to your loved ones for just about every one of these "days."

For example, did you know that, among other things, November is

• Learn Chinese Month
• National Impotency Month
• National Novel Writing Month
• National Pomegranate Month
• International Microfinance Month

I have the suspicion that these things are all mysteriously related.


Did you know that the pomegranate is originally from Iran and the Himalayas?
Babylonians chewed the seeds before battle, hoping to be made invincible.
(Photo from The Food Paper)


It is also currently

• Pursuit of Happiness Week
  
• National Farm-City Week
• Home Care Aide Week

Coming up soon are the Better Conversation Week, National Family Week, and National Game & Puzzle Week (organized by the people who are now concentrating more on the Million Minute Family Challenge).

There are also very special individual days in the month of November.

• We've missed Plan Your Epitaph Day (the 2nd), so you'll just have to wait another year to do that.

• We've also missed Use Your Common Sense Day (the 4th). Too bad.

• I think that on Abet and Aid Punsters Day (the 8th), I actually did tell a few puns.

Yesterday (the 15th) was the National Bundt Pan Day, and I did not make a Bundt cake, but I'm sure somebody somewhere did. Yesterday was also the I Love to Write Day, and I did actually write something yesterday.

Coming up, World Hello Day is on the 21st, before Thanksgiving. To celebrate, say hello to ten people. The 24th is Flossing Day, which is always the day after Thanksgiving. So you can say hello to 10 people, eat your turkey, and then floss afterwards.


Some people make various crafty things using dental floss. This necklace, made of dental floss and plastic bloody teeth, was an entry in an ugliest necklace contest.


The 19th is Have a Bad Day Day. It is intended to allow retail workers to wish people, "Have a bad day," instead of the usual alternative. This holiday is actually copyrighted by Thomas & Ruth Roy. Copyrighting a holiday seems in keeping with the whole "have a bad day" concept.

If you actually do have a bad day on the 19th, fear not, for Name Your PC Day follows immediately on its heels and will surely be a balm to your bad day. Although this one is copyrighted, too. :(

But perhaps most important of all, the 24th is National D.B. Cooper Day.

• In 1971, Mr. Cooper hijacked an airliner flying from Portland, OR, to Seattle and threatened to blow it up unless the airline company, Northwest Orient, paid him $200,000 cash.

• The plane landed at its destination, he got his $200 Gs, and he released the 36 passengers and two members of the crew. Then he made the remaining crew members take off again and fly him to Mexico.

• When the plane reached 10,000 feet, with winds gusting at 80 knots and in a driving, freezing rain, at night, he jumped out of the plane via the rear stairs. He was equipped with four parachutes and twenty-one pounds of $20 bills strapped to his chest.

• He was never seen again. No one knows if he died or is still alive.

Police sketch of Dan "D.B." Cooper
(Image from the FBI)

• It is possible that he survived. At least two others copied his crime only a few months later and those hijackers lived to tell about it -- albeit in court.
  

• D.B. Cooper is actually a name that one newspaper printed by mistake. He registered for his flight under the name Dan Cooper, but that might not be his real name.

• Although this crime took place during the reign of the tenacious J. Edgar Hoover, it remains the only unsolved skyjacking.
  

• He has been invited to attend a celebration in his honor on the 24th, at Chloride, Arizona, which is near the Hoover Dam and Route 66.

So relax, eat your turkey and your pie, floss your teeth, and then if you're so inclined, you can wing out to Arizona and maybe meet a famous hijacker! You might want to chew some pomegranate seeds before you go, just in case he actually shows up.

[For updates about the D. B. Cooper case, check out this more recent Daily Apple.]


Sources
Purdue University Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Pomegranate
MO-SPAN Green Ribbon Awareness Week
T.J. DeGroat, "Let it Go," Hatch Magazine
National Flossing Council Online
Crime Library, A Mystery (Story of D.B. Cooper)
U.S. News Online, Mysteries of History
Kingman Area Chamber of Commerce, D.B. Cooper Day

Apple #206: Player Pianos

Someone at my job was telling me some pretty interesting things about player pianos. For instance, some of the music was composed only for player pianos. It was "printed" on the rolls that were used only with player pianos, but not recorded in any other form. So the only way to listen to this music was with a player piano. That music is all but lost, now that the player piano is essentially extinct.

I found this sort of fascinating, so I thought I'd see what else I could learn about player pianos.

• Another word for player pianos is "pianola," which was at first a trademarked term, but then it became the word for all player pianos (the same way people use the word "Kleenex" to refer to all disposable tissues, or people in the South say "Coke" to mean any soda).
• You can, of course, let the roll and piano go by themselves...
  

(Ad posted at Player Piano Rebirth)

• ... but with an operator or "pianolist" at the controls, he or she can make subtle improvements to the sound.
  
• Pressing on the foot pedals makes the thing go, but if you vary the pressure, you can change the tone. Manipulating the levers located under the front of the keyboard can change the tempo, accentuate particular notes, or sustain other notes. These controls also allow the pianolist to rewind and re-play the roll.
• The keys can also be played the same way a conventional piano is played. This means the operator can play the keys while a roll is playing, if desired, to create harmonies or other effects.
  
• Player pianos reached their peak of popularity between 1900 and 1930. Player pianos that exist today are around 70 years old and often need a lot of care and attention.
• Here's a scaled-down description of how a pianola works:
• Pianolist pumps air into the organ using the two foot pedals, which also makes the roll turn
  
• Perforations in the paper, each representing a note, are "read" by a pneumatic device, which makes a valve open
• The valve opening tells a pneumatic motor to go into action
• The motor triggers a wooden, felt-covered "finger," or hammer, which presses the corresponding key, from behind the scenes, of the keyboard.

Diagram of the inner workings of a player piano. A little more complex than a conventional piano.
(Diagram from Player-Care.com)

• The earliest pianola was made in 1895, by a guy named Edwin Votey, from Detroit. The early player pianos could only play about 60 notes. It wasn't until 1908 that they figured out how to get pianolas to be able to access all 88 keys of a typical piano.
  
• The barrel piano, or drum piano, that people played on the street was the early version of the player piano.
  

One type of barrel piano. Many of these were larger, more like the size of a popcorn cart, with handles like a wheelbarrow.
(Photo from the Player Piano Page)

• Player pianos died when the stock market crashed in 1929. Only a very few manufacturers survived that crash, but even so, most people couldn't afford to buy a player piano when they could barely find work.
  
• Player pianos enjoyed a slight revival in the 1960s, but it didn't last long. Currently, nobody makes any player pianos anymore.
• However, people are working on methods to preserve the music on the paper rolls, in electronic form. Most of this preserved music is in stored in midi files.
• I found a site where you can listen to some midi files of player piano songs, and I picked out one I liked, the Powder Rag & Live Wires Rag. Apparently, making things explode is fun!
• This music really is kind of happy, goofy, dancy. It's easy to understand, listening to it now, why it went out of fashion when the stock market crashed, and then World War II hit.
  

Sources
The Player Piano Page
Terry Smythe, Player Piano Rebirth
Listen to more player piano songs at Robert Perry's site (he's from New Zealand)

Apple #205: Gasoline Grades

I got some gas for my car tonight (or "petrol" for you folks from the UK). Filled up the tank, paid $2.11 a gallon. Not too bad a price -- for today, anyway.

As I was pumping the gas, I wondered, what exactly is the difference between Regular and Mid-grade and Premium? How much better is Premium, really?



Pumps like these, ready for all three grades of gasoline, are the norm.
(These particular pumps are available for purchase from Ken-Co)

• Grades of gasoline are defined in terms of the performance-grade of octane present in the gasoline. There are actually different types of octanes in various batches of gasoline, so to speak. The worst performing octane is given a zero rating, while the best is given a 100. The grades of gasoline reflect the range of performance levels of the octanes present in the gas:
  
• Regular (a.k.a. conventional) gas has an octane rating of 85 to just shy of 88
• Midgrade (oxygenated) gas has an octane rating of 88 to 90
• Premium (reformulated) gas has an octane rating greater than 90

• The higher the octane rating, the less likely your engine is to knock.

Which begs the question, what's engine knocking, and why should I care?

• Once upon a time, car engines had a hard time regulating the amount of fuel versus air that was going into the engine if the temperature dropped, or the humidity went up, and so on. Sometimes too much gas was released, which soaked the carbon deposits just outside the engine cylinder. Those gas-soaked carbon deposits then ignited, but they were igniting outside the cylinder, where you don't that to happen, and this premature ignition made a popping or knocking sound. Not only was it an unpleasant noise, it also meant your car wasn't getting the most bang from the fuel that it could, and it was damaging the engine besides.

This is a piston that's been essentially shot through, all because of engine knock.
(Photo from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory)

• However, this problem was true of cars made before the mid-1980s. Since then, cars have been built with computerized fuel injectors that work to control the mix of fuel and air going into the engine, regardless of the weather. In most cases, cars made today won't have a problem with engine knock, no matter what grade of gasoline you buy.

• Some engines are made expressly for one grade of gasoline (my dad had a Cadillac for a while, and it required only Premium gas. Expensive!). If this is true of your car, you'd better use the grade that's called for.

Here's what it comes down to: grades of gasoline will affect how rapidly your car can reach higher speeds, or its horsepower. You won't get better mileage if you use a higher grade of gasoline.

So, in essence, the importance of gasoline grades is all but obsolete. And all those times I bought higher grades of gas, thinking I was doing a good thing for my car, I was just another sucker on the vine.

These decades, what matters more is the quality of gasoline you purchase. In other words, it matters which gas station you go to, not what you buy once you're there.

• The primary differentiating factor among brands of gasoline is the detergent they add. Detergents help to remove deposits that build up in the works. Every type of gasoline sold in the U.S. has to meet standards set by the Environmental Protection Agency for acceptable levels and types of detergent.
  

• Gas sold by lesser-known gas companies tends to have a different type of detergent. It is approved by the EPA, but it's of a lesser standard and was approved expressly so that some companies could sell their gasoline more cheaply. In other words, these detergents don't work as well, but they keep the total cost of the gas down. Most car folks warn people away from buying gas at cheap-o, off-brand gas stations.

• Name-brand companies like Mobil and Chevron and BP and so on add the better-perfoming detergents. Many have done this since before the EPA started requiring it.
  

Gas companies have been adding detergents for a long time
(Photo from Rare Ads)

• Of the well-known gas companies, Shell adds the highest amount of detergents. The company claims that this is extra-helpful to your car, but people who test these sorts of things say that more detergent doesn't necessarily make as much difference as the type of detergent does.

• Various gasoline makers add other things besides just detergents. They each use a slightly different recipe. They don't like to say just what that recipe is, but they all like to say theirs is the best. However, I couldn't find many objective poeple saying one name-brand type of gasoline is particularly better than another.

• If you buy the same brand of gasoline on a regular basis, it's a good idea to switch it up once in a while. The same way you need to switch your shampoo to wash away detergent build-up, changing the brand of gasoline means you're putting in a different formulation of detergents that will wash away your old brand's excess detergent and maybe a few deposits that the old gas might have missed.

Sources
Energy Information Administration, Definitions of Gasoline Grades
About.com, Chemistry, Before You Buy Gasoline or Petrol
About.com, Chemistry, How is Gasoline Made? What Are Octane Ratings?
Don't Waste Your Money, Gasoline Grades
Edmunds.com, Do You Really Need Premium?
Environmental Protection Agency, Gasoline Detergent Additives Enforcement and Recordkeeping Requirements, October 1997
Environmental Protection Agency, PA EPA Gets Gasoline Certification Program, 06/28/96.
American Petroleum Institute, Gasoline - Is It All the Same? What about Octane?
eHow, How to Purchase the Right Gasoline

Apple #204: Shel Silverstein

A few entries ago, I mentioned that I learned that a Johnny Cash song, "A Boy Named Sue" was actually written by Shel Silverstein. In that entry, I found out about other songs performed by Johnny Cash.

But what I most want to know is, how is it that the same person who wrote The Giving Tree and all sorts of happy, goofy poetry for children also wrote a song that involves a father cutting off a chunk of his son's ear?

So it's time, boys and girls, to learn about Shel Silverstein.

• Born in Chicago in 1932 and grew up there
  
• Wanted to be a ball player when he was a kid, but he wasn't very good at baseball, so he drew and wrote instead.
  
• Served as a GI in Japan and Korea in the 1950s and while there, drew cartoons for the Pacific Stars and Stripes.
• After leaving the military, he made cartoons for Playboy in 1956. Mainly, he took TV-show stills and wrote his own captions that were mostly punny. You can find those cartoons in collections titled Playboy's Teevee Jeebies and More Playboy's Teevee Jeebies.

(I used to have an image of one of Shel's Teevee Jeebies, but the website that hosted the images has since disappeared.)

• He never intended to write anything for children. But a friend of his, Tomi Ungerer, who himself wrote children's books, encouraged him that he submit a children's story to an editor at Harper's.
  
• The first thing he wrote for children was Uncle Shelby's Story of Lafcadio, The Lion Who Shot Back, which was published in 1963.
• It was the publication of The Giving Tree, which appeared in stores in 1964, that made him famous. He had trouble getting a publisher to accept it. Some said it was too short; others said it was too sad. It was four years before a publisher agreed to print it, sad ending and all. And then it became phenomenally successful and loved by thousands.
  

"Once there was a tree ... and she loved a little boy."
The Giving Tree
(Image from HarperCollins)

• Also during this decade, he started writing folk music and sometimes performing themself on guitar. "A Boy Named Sue" was recorded by Johnny Cash in 1969, and "The Cover of the Rollin' Stone" was recorded by Dr. Hook & The Medicine Show in 1972 (they sing this song in Almost Famous).

We take all kinds of pills that give us all kind of thrills
But the thrill we've never known
Is the thrill that'll gitcha when you get your picture
On the cover of the Rollin Stone

(Rollin Stone.....) Wanna see my picture on the cover
(Stone.....) Wanna buy five copies for my mother
(Yah! Stone.....) Wanna see my smilin face
On the cover of the Rollin Stone....
(that's a very very good idea)

I got a freaky ole lady name a cocaine Katy
Who embroideries on my jeans
I got my poor ole grey-haired daddy
Drivin my limosine
Now it's all decided to blow our minds
But our minds won't really be blown
Like the blow that'll gitcha when you get your picture
On the cover of the Rollin Stone

• In 1974, Silverstein published Where the Sidewalk Ends: Poems and Drawings, which, as far as I'm concerned, is one of the best books for children EVER.
• One of my favorites when I was a wee applet only eight years old was the Peanut-Butter Sandwich poem. It's about a king who's a boy and who loves peanut butter sandwiches. Won't eat anything else. Then his mouth gets stuck shut. Though all his family and the wizard and the dentist try everything, including grappling hooks, to pry his mouth open, but nothing works, for twenty years. When his mouth opens with a squeak, the first thing he says is, "How about a peanut-butter sandwich?" I just loved the idea of all that peanut butter.
  
• In the 1980s, he wrote several plays, including "The Lady or the Tiger Show," "The Trio," and a play performed as part of the Lincoln Center's production "Oh Hell!"
  
• He also co-wrote the film "Things Change" with David Mamet in 1988. The movie is a black comedy with a light touch, about a shoe repairman (Don Ameche) who is asked by a Chicago gangster to confess falsely to committing a murder that was actually done by one of the gangster's flunkies.

Box cover of "Things Change"
(Photo from Rotten Tomatoes)

• Once Silverstein got famous, he had three homes: one in Greenwich Village, one in Key West, and one in Sausalito, California.
  
• In 1999, Mr. Silverstein had a heart attack and died in his home in Florida.

I've decided I like it that Shel Silverstein isn't only about wacky happy children stuff, he's also got some wacky adult stuff going on too. He's a real live person! Except for the fact that he's dead. But you know what I mean. Go, Uncle Shelby!





Sources
Shel Silverstein official website
Shel Silverstein biography on Geocities
KidsReads.com, Shel Silverstein 1932-1999
Sely Friday's biography of Shel Silverstein
Lyrics Download, Dr. Hook - The Cover of Rolling Stone lyrics
Hal Hinson, Review of "Things Change," The Washington Post, October 21, 1988

Apple #203: Wonders of the World

Last night, a friend said, "What are the seven wonders of the world, anyway?"

I said there were seven ancient wonders and seven modern wonders, and I started to list what I could remember -- the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Colossus of Rhodes -- and he suggested the Golden Gate Bridge as one of the modern wonders.

Surely, he said, Niagara Falls ought to be in there somewhere. But was there a separate list for the natural wonders versus the man-made wonders?

Clearly, it was time for the Apple Lady to step in.

As we suspected, there are actually many lists of wonders of the world. Herodotus was the first known person to come up with such an idea, as a way to celebrate the best of human structures that express a reverence for religion, art, mythology, science, or political dominance.

Ever since Herodotus, people have been coming up with lists of wonders all over the place. I'll start with the Ancient Wonders and give a couple other lists after that.


SEVEN WONDERS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD

Listed chronologically, in order of their construction:

Great Pyramid of Giza

• in Memphis, Egypt
• built as a tomb for the Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu around 2560 BC
  
• the oldest and only surviving structure of the Ancient Wonders
• was originally 481 feet high and for 43 centuries, was the tallest structure on Earth
• each side is 751 feet long
• consists of about 2 million blocks of stone
• interior sarcophagus is aligned with the directions of the compass
  

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

• legendary palace and gardens along the Euphrates River, about 50 km south of Baghdad
  
• built by King Nebuchadnezzar II, supposedly to please his wife who was from greener lands
• built around 600 BC, and the foundation of the palace was only recently discovered
  
• little is now known about the gardens
• the plants grew above ground, even above eye-level and were irrigated with sloping channels, while grass grew green underfoot
• all of this was accomplished in the desert-like conditions of Mesopotamia
  

One rendition of what the Hanging Gardens might have looked like. You can see more renditions at Joseph Berrigan's page.


Statue of Zeus at Olympia

• enormous statue of the ruler of the Greek gods, seated on his throne
  
• carved in honor of the Athenian Olympic games by renowned sculptor Pheidias
• Pheidias started working on the statue in 440 BC
• it was built starting with a metal frame over which were laid sheets of metal and ivory and gold
• the statue is 40 feet high, or about four stories, and the base is 20 feet wide
• the legs of the throne were decorated with sphinxes, Zeus' garments were inlaid with animals and lilies, and an eagle perched atop his sceptre
• copies and reconstructions have since been attempted, but none managed to parallel the original work

Temple of Artemis at Ephesus

• in Ephesus, which is about 50 km south of Izmir, in Turkey
  
• built in honor of the Greek goddess of hunting and nature
• foundation was constructed in the 7th century BC, but the rest of the structure was built around 550 BC
• it was made of marble, with 127 Ionic columns aligned around the outside
• the terrace alone was 260 feet by 430 feet
  
• it housed many statues, including four bronze statues of Amazon women
  
• though the temple had been burned, it was still standing and the locus of a very strong religious group still devoted to Artemis when Paul visited Ephesus in the 1st century AD
  

Mausoleum at Helicarnassus

• Helicarnassus is now Bodrum, on the coast of the Aegean Sea in southwest Turkey
  
• built in honor of King Maussollos, who was a local governor of Caria, one of Persia's outposts
• the structure of Maussollos' tomb (hence, mausoleum) and was originally planned by his wife, who was also his sister, Artemisia
• it was completed around 350 BC, three years after Maussollos had died, and one year after Artemisia had died
• it was 120 feet by 100 feet at the base, and rose to a total height of 140 feet
• on the surrounding podium and on top of the roof were all sorts of life-sized statues of people, lions, horses pulling chariots, and free-standing sculptures
  

One depiction of what the Mausoleum might have looked like
(from a page on the subject from the Netherlands)


Colossus of Rhodes

• built at the harbor around the Island of Rhodes, in the Mediterranean
• enormous statue of Helios the sun-god
• took 12 years to build, and was finished in 282 BC
• it has long been described as standing astride the harbor, with one foot on either side, but given the width of the harbor, this is highly unlikely to have been the case
• the base was made of marble, an iron and stone framework rose up from there, and was overlaid in bronze
• the dimensions were such that "few people can make their arms meet around the thumb"
  
• an earthquake in 226 BC weakened the statue at the knee, and it fell over
  

Lighthouse of Alexandria

• built by the Ptolemy rulers of Egypt shortly after the death of Alexander the Great
  
• located off the coast of Alexandria, on the island of Pharos
• the word Pharos is the root word of lighthouse
  
• the lighthouse stood about 40 stories high and contained and internal shaft where fuel was lifted to keep the nighttime fire burning
• during the day, an enormous mirror was used to reflect sunlight and direct ships
• a statue of Poseidon, Greek god of the sea, stood atop the whole thing
• the last of the non-existent Ancient Wonders to crumble
  
• a series of earthquakes proved its undoing in 956, 1303, and 1323 AD

This model of the Lighthouse gives you an idea of the structure's massive scale (from a U of Texas course Intro to Greece)


NATURAL WONDERS OF THE WORLD

There are lots of different lists of natural wonders. Some list only 7, some list far more. Some, though they restrict their list to 7, have different items on their list. I've decided to go with this list, which was compiled primarily by CNN:

• Grand Canyon in Arizona
• Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Australia
• Mount Everest in Nepal
• Northern lights
  
• Paricutin Volcano in Mexico
• Rio de Janeiro harbor
  
• Victoria Falls on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe

I know it's a postcard, but it's the best image I found that helps me to understand why a harbor is on this list. And yes, all that water is one harbor. That statue, called Cristo Redentor (Christ the Redeemer), is on other lists of man-made wonders.


MODERN WONDERS OF THE WORLD

This list, too, appears in many and various forms. The one repeated most often was compiled by the American Society of Civil Engineers. I detect a bit of a bias towards the United States -- where's the Eiffel Tower, for example -- and towards engineering -- somehow, I doubt that the North Sea Protection Works is especially pleasing to the eye.

• Channel tunnel between France & England
• CN Tower in Toronto, Canada
• Empire State Building in New York
• Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, CA
• Itaipu Hydroelectric Dam on the border of Brazil & Paraguay
• North Sea Protection Works (good pictures of this at Wikipedia)
  
• Panama Canal

The Itaipu dam provides more hydroelectric power than can be generated by 10 nuclear power plants. 28% of Brazil's electricity and 78% of Paraguay's electricity is generated by this dam alone. To build it, engineers had to move 50 million tons of dirt and rock and then shift the course of the seventh largest river in the world.
(Photo by Rab & Jo)


There are also lists of forgotten wonders, wonders of the medieval mind, forgotten wonders of the medieval mind (but if they're forgotten wonders of the mind, how did we wind up with a list of them?), and so on. Niagara Falls, by the way, are included on the Forgotten Wonders of the Natural World list.

All these lists lead me to think that you or I could make a list of wonders, and if we told enough people about our list, we might get everybody to think we were being Very Official about our Seven Wonders of the World's Bathrooms or whatever topic we chose.

In fact, a preservation foundation are trying to put together a new list of the New Seven Wonders of the World, and they're taking votes! The New Wonders will be announced in Lisbon, Portugal, on July 7, 2007 (07-07-07).

Sources
Alaa Ashmawy's Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
Wonder Club, Complete Listing of World Wonders
123World, Seven Wonders of the World and More
Wikipedia, Seven Wonders of the World

Apple #202: Apple Juice vs. Apple Cider

It's high time I wrote an Apple about something to do with apples.

I've been drinking lots of apple cider lately, now that it's in season and readily available in my nearby grocery store. I. Love. Apple. Cider. It's sweet, but not entirely so; there's more flavor to it than that. It has almost a cinamonny flavor, or anyway something darker, almost tangy, but if it's fresh, it's not tangy yet, it's still crisp. It tastes and smells like fall -- cool and orangey brown, a little bit melancholy and yet still delightful.

What's strange about my penchant for apple cider, I think, is that I really do not like apple juice. To me, apple juice is too sweet. Too simple. Like sugar water. A drink for a child. Watered down pap.

What accounts for the difference?

• First thing to note, in countries outside the United States, "apple cider" refers to apple juice that has been allowed to ferment and become an alcoholic beverage. We in the US call this "hard cider."

Hard or scrumpy cider
(Photo from Snail's Tales, cider from J.K.'s Scrumpy)

• But I'm not talking about hard cider, I'm talking about non-alcoholic apple cider.

• I should also note that in countries outside the US, people do not distinguish between our apple cider and our apple juice. To them, it's all apple juice.

• And some producers in the US even say that apple cider and apple juice are the same thing. I protest; they are NOT the same.

• It turns out, there are no specific standards or hard & fast definitions to distinguish the two. But there are some characteristics of each that are usually true. 

APPLE JUICE
 
Here's your basic apple juice. Note how pale the juice is compared to the cider pictured below. You can't see this, but the label reads "from concentrate."
(From a photo array created by Thomas G. Smith)

• pasteurized and thermally processed

• usually filtered to a clear liquid

• may also be boiled to form a concentrate and then water is re-added

• may include preservatives and has a far longer shelf life than cider

• may be made entirely from the same variety of apples (Jonagold, for example)

• usually bottled by nation-wide producers 

APPLE CIDER
 
Apple cider made by Kathi and her husband, using their own press. Here you can see the cider is clearly a darker color than the juice.
(Photo from Feathering My Nest)

• unfiltered and may include bits of apple or skin

• those bits of apple oxidize when they hit the air, same as when you cut an apple open and let it sit a while, and turn brown, hence cider's distinctive color

• used to be unpasteurized, but many apple cider producers now do pasteurize theirs, but not for as long as apple juice is pasteurized

• no preservatives, which means it will stay fresh & unfermented for, at most, 2 weeks

• often is made with several varieties of apples in the same batch, or using apples that have more tannin and generally are not eaten raw

• contains more polyphenols (specific type of antioxidants) and more pectin (which happens to be beneficial in fighting colon cancer)

• often made locally
  

This is how most apple cider is made, or pressed
(Photo from Noto Fruit Farm & Cider Mill)



These people are pressing apples to make cider. Technically, they could drink it right from the press.
(Photo by Dan Shorock, of the Sawlog 'n' Strings Bluegrass Festival)

• In terms of mutritional content that is typically shown on packaging labels, apple juice and apple cider are roughly the same. They both have about 100-120 calories per 8 oz serving and about 22 grams of sugar, and surprisingly little Vitamin C or other nutrients.

• To throw in one last item, apple cider vinegar is apple cider plus a particular form of bacteria, colloquially known as "mother of vinegar," which is added to turn the cider more acidic.

Sources
Food Reference, Apple Cider, Apple Juice
Cooking Club of America, What's the difference between apple juice and apple cider?
Amy Topel, "Apple Cider - The Essence of Fall," The Green Guide, October 4, 2005
Rees Fruit Farm, Our Apple Cider
New England Apples, Apples the healthy snack
Dear Uncle Ezra, Addicted to Apple Cider
University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service, Home Apple Cider Production
Answers.com, Vinegar

Apple #201: Johnny Cash Songs

So the other day, Johnny Cash's "A Boy Named Sue" was playing over the loudspeaker in a store. If you don't know it, here are a few key lines:

Well, I hit him hard right between the eyes
And he went down, but to my surprise,
He come up with a knife and cut off a piece of my ear.

Someone nearby remarked, "Ah, A Boy Named Sue. Courtesy of good old Shel Silverstein."

"Shel Silverstein wrote this?" I said in shock. Absolutely yes, was the reply. "Wow," I said. "The Giving Tree and your dad cutting off your ear. Naturally both would be written by the same guy."

So now I want to know, just how many songs that I think of as synonymous with Johnny Cash were actually written by someone else?

In the case of some songs he's performed, I did know he hadn't written them. That Nine Inch Nails song, "Hurt," for example. That was obviously a cover, since I heard NIN perform it on the radio a kajillion times first.

And "Ring of Fire" I knew he didn't write; his wife, June Carter, wrote it. She wrote it before they were married, when they were married to other people. It is about how consumed she felt by her love for Johnny Cash, even though she knew it constituted adultery and might get her burning in hell.

Love is a burning thing
And it makes a fiery ring
Bound by wild desire
I fell into a ring of fire.

By the way, if you want to hear the best account, ever, of how Johnny & June fell in love, listen to Sarah Vowell's "Greatest Love Story of the 20th Century" on a This American Life broadcast called What Is This Thing? (It's Episode 247; you have to scroll down to find it).

Another Johnny Cash cover that I knew about is "Sunday Morning Coming Down", written by Kris Kristofferson, and which speaks to Johnny's days when he was hooked on barbituates and was country music's super-bad-ass:

On a Sunday morning sidewalk
I'm wishing Lord that I was stoned
'Cause there's something in a Sunday
That makes a body feel alone.
And there's nothin' short of dyin'
That's half as lonesome as the sound
Of a sleepin' city sidewalk
And Sunday mornin' comin' down.

While we're on the subject of Johnny's bad old days, I have to repeat this story told by U2's Bono, and which I found in a Mars Hill Review of Cash's records:

"We bowed our heads and John spoke this beautiful, poetic grace," Bono notes in Rolling Stone, "and we were all humbled and moved. Then he looked up afterwards and said, 'Sure miss the drugs, though.'"

Speaking of U2, Cash sang the lyrics on U2's "The Wanderer," on the often-overlooked Zooropa.

I went walking
looking for one good man
a spirit who would not bend or break
who would stand at his father's right hand.
I went out walking with a Bible and a gun.

"Highway Patrolman," about a policeman whose brother may or may not have shot a man and who watches while his brother flees to Canada, was written by Bruce Springsteen.

Me and Frankie, laughin' and drinkin'
Nothin' feels better than blood on blood
Takin' turns dancin' with Maria
As the band played "Night of the Johnstown Flood"
I catch him when he's strayin', like any brother would
Man turns his back on his family, well he just ain't no good.

"Down There by the Train" is about how everyone can get saved and sounds an awful lot like the kind of thing Johnny Cash would say. But it was originally written by Tom Waits.

You can hear the whistle, you can hear the bell
From the halls of heaven to the gates of hell
And there's room for the forsaken if you're there on time
You'll be washed of all your sins and all of your crimes
If you're down there by the train
Down there by the train.

Now for some songs you all know as Johnny Cash's, and that he wrote himself:

Delia's Gone
Disturbing, yes. But the song does have a certain ring to it.

First time I shot her, I shot her in the side
Hard to watch her suffer
But with the second shot she died
Delia's gone, one more round, Delia's gone.

I Walk The Line
This is Johnny Cash's pledge to remain faithful to June

As sure as night is dark and day is light
I keep you on my mind both day and night
And happiness I've known proves that it's right
Because you're mine,
I walk the line.

Folsom Prison Blues
Written not when Johnny was in jail -- he never served time in prison -- but in the Air Force

When I was just a baby, my mama told me, "Son,
Always be a good boy; don't ever play with guns."
But I shot a man in Reno just to watch him die.
When I hear that whistle blowin' I hang my head and cry.

Man in Black

I wear the black for the poor and the beaten down,
Livin' in the hopeless, hungry side of town.
I wear it for the prisoner who has long paid for his crime,
But is there because he's a victim of the times.

He never in his life learned to read music.

Sources
Matthew Blair's Johnny Cash fan site, The Man in Black, especially his Written versus Performed by page
Answers.com, Johnny Cash
Biography of Johnny Cash, from iGreens.org.uk
About.com, Marriage, Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash
Dave Urbanski, "Mean Eyed Cat, Kneeling Drunkard's Plea, and the Wayfaring Stranger," Mars Hill Review
Lyrics from lots of places including Lyrics Depot, Cowboy Lyrics, Lyrics4All

Apple #200: Top 5 of the First 200 Apples

I have tallied the results of the voting for the Five Favorites, and I will present the list of winners shortly.

But first, thank you to the many devoted readers who scanned through many pages of this blog to decide which five entries you liked the best. I very much appreciate the time it took to do this, which is probably more time than you my faithful readers would prefer to put forth toward the construction of someone else's blog. So you have my sincerest gratitude, and I am also forwarding the happy gratitude of fellow readers who will enjoy finding out what is the overall consensus.

What I learned from the voting is that lots of people liked lots of different things. Very few people voted for the same entries. I actually think this is a good sign. We all need a little variety, and I think that the voting tells me I'm doing a fairly good job of providing that variety.

Forty Apple entries were selected as people's favorites. Seven got more than one vote. That's not much of a consensus, but as I said, variety is good, and it's what we have to work with.

Before I get to the top five, I'm going to give a little wave to the entries on the 1904 Olympic Marathon and Emma Goldman. Rather like the gymnast who performs the triple Tsukahara with a twist but doesn't take the gold, these entries got high praise but not quite enough votes.


Going from the lowest number of votes to the highest, here are the winners:

5. Pastrami, Apple #78
What sets Pastrami above the other entries that received two official votes is that I happen to know that one rogue reader, who did not have the chance to enter, wanted it in her five favorites. In addition, Pastrami was also #10 in the previous poll. People like to say the word "pastrami." They like the link to the gallery of reubens. I had a reuben sandwich for dinner last night.


4. Boston Molasses Flood, Apple #118
I came very close to voting for this one, even had it in my original list. It's just such a fantastic story. A vat of molasses exploded all over Boston -- it's like some children's story -- except the resulting destruction was pretty serious. Horses and people got trapped in the goo. Molasses oozed out of the sidewalk for years afterwards. And the photo of said destruction is very memorable. Not the sort of story they teach you in high school history class, but they if they included things like this, I think more people would like history.


3. Llamas, Apples #92 and #94
Llamas got two official votes plus a vote from that rogue reader. I voted specifically for one of the two llama entries, but the other voter for llamas did not specify which entry, so we're going with the both of them. I made the same decision in the previous poll, where the llamas also rang in at #3. Llamas hum. Their fur is soft. They travel in people's minivans and look out the back window.


2. Dewey Decimal System, Apple #198
With three official votes outright, the entry on Dewey and his system of organization weighs in at number two. It's a very recent entry, suggested by a relatively new reader, but it was appreciated by library-lovers across the country -- and I mean literally from the East Coast to the West Coast. My favorite part of this entry is the realization that this simple system has been used for 150 years to organize all human knowledge across all time.


1. Inventor of the Urinal Cake, Apple #177
With a commanding four-vote victory, the urinal cake entry wins the big prize. This topic was suggested by a loyal reader, a3dmofo (who also voted for this entry). This is why I ask people for suggestions, to get the big winners. The fact that this topic was your favorite proves to me that, yes, you agree, there are interesting facts to know about any object around you, however trivial or ridiculous it may seem.


Thank you all, again, for your votes. They are much appreciated.



(Photo from Raynox)

Deadline October 12

All right, readers. I've taken my time putting up new posts, to give you all time to decide on your five favorites. I know for a fact that some of you already know what your five are, you just haven't put 'em up yet.

As of today, you've got one week. Tick tock.

Apple #199: Was there Once a Tolkien Craze?

I am a fan of the Harry Potter books. I have all the existing books on tape, and I listen to them at night before I go to sleep. I have listened to them enough times, I can hear places where the tapes are wearing thin.

So, like countless others, I await the final book in the series with an impatience that doesn't entirely want to be satisfied. Because once that book is published, it will be over. To tide me over, I check JK Rowling's website every now and again to see if there's anything new. If you haven't played around on the website, it's kind of fun to try to find the various objects hidden throughout the site. And if you get too frustrated, lots of people have posted helps elsewhere.

Most times when I check on the latest Harry Potter news, it occurs to me to wonder whether the Hobbit books by J.R.R. Tolkein drummed up such anticipation in their day. Those books actually established the genre; without them there would be no Harry Potter (Rowling has claimed Tolkien as one of her influences). The Lord of the Rings books also appeared over time, and they have a huge fan base now, especially after Peter Jackson's super-produced (and woefully acted) movie versions.

But I wonder, back in the day when the novels first appeared and there wasn't as big an advertising machine, did people get worked up waiting for the next installment of The Lord of the Rings? Did people line up at the bookstore to get the newest copy?

• The Hobbit was published in 1937. Tolkien began it after writing haphazardly on a blank page at the end of a student's exam booklet, "In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit."
• He decided to investigate what a hobbit was, and then he decided to keep writing. What he produced grew out of his love of the study of languages (philology) and his knowledge of epics such as Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.
  
• By the way, Tolkien says he never intended The Hobbit to be written for children. If you think it's mawkish or sentimental or overly instructional, he says that was by mistake. He tried harder with his next book to avoid doing anything like that.

Tolkien. Nice guy in favor of goodness.
(Photo from Tolkienet)

• Fourteen years later, he completed The Lord of the Rings. He typed the 1,200 plus pages with two fingers. It is commonly referred to as a trilogy, but it was actually intended as a single book, and most serious Tolkien folks refer to it as such.
• Even so, the publishers decided to break it into three parts, which we now know as The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, The Return of the King. They were published from 1954 to late 1955.
• Sales of the so-called trilogy exceeded publishers' expectations and they had to issue reprints. The book(s) didn't sell insanely well, though, because in 1961, one critic without his crystal ball proclaimed that it looked like the Tolkien enthusiasm had died out.
  
• But in 1965, an unauthorized paperback version of the book was published, and sales exploded.

Covers of the rogue paperbacks, published by Ace books. All three of these together are currently worth anywhere from $60 to $260.
(Photo from Absolute Elsewhere)

• On college campuses, where LOTR seemed to find its most enthusiastic followers, the New York Times reported that "hobbits have quite replaced Salinger and Golding as 'in' reading."
• Several fan groups sprang up, including the Tolkien Society of America, which was founded in 1965, and two years later, boasted 1,000 members.
• In 1967, sales of the book worldwide had topped three million copies, with the United States ringing in with the greatest number of fans by far.
• By 1968, the book was adopted as the seminal text for thousands of "Alternative" readers, and the "cult" of Tolkien was underway.
• From 1965 to 2001, Ballantine (only one of many publishers who've had rights to the book) sold 32 million copies of The Lord of the Rings. After the first film was released, they sold 14 million in two years.
• So let's stack up the data on LOTR and compare with Harry Potter
• LOTR 1965-1968, 3 million copies in 3 years
  
• LOTR post-movie, 14 million copies in 2 years
• Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Book 4), 2000, 5 million sold in the first print run
• Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Book 6), 2005, 10.8 million sold in the first print run
• Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (Book 1) to date, or all of the Harry Potter books:
  
• It's very difficult to say for certain how many copies of any of the Harry Potter books have been sold to date. Sources vary widely, claiming anywhere from 45 million of the first book in the first five years, to 100 million for the first book in the same amount of time, to over 300 million for all the books combined.

On the first day you could order advance copies of the last book in the Harry Potter series, orders were more than five times higher than the number of first-day pre-orders for the sixth book. So it looks like total pre-orders for this book will smash the number of total pre-orders for the sixth book, which amounted to 1.5 million copies.

• So the answer is, no, the excitement over the Lord of the Rings books was not as pronounced as what we know today.
• Make no mistake, however, there were some pretty devoted fans of LOTR in 1965. It has been noted in several places that, at the time, you couldn't go far on most college campuses in the country without seeing a bumper sticker reading "Frodo lives," or hearing people greet each other with, "May the hair on your toes never grow less."

Bilbo Baggins, as seen in the animated movie of The Hobbit

Sources
David Doughan, Who Was Tolkien? available at The Tolkien Society's web page
Philip Norman, "The Prevalence of Hobbits," The New York Times, January 15, 1967
Phyllis Meras, "Go, Go, Gandalf," The New York Times, January 15, 1967
Pat Reynolds, "The Lord of the Rings: The Tale of a Text," Tolkien Society page
Andy Seller, "'Rings' comes full circle," USA Today, December 16, 2003
Julian Dibbell, "Lord of the Geeks," Village Voice, June 6-12, 2001
Roberto Rivera, "The Lord of the Rings: a fan of the book reviews the film," Boundless webzine, date not provided
Shmuel Ross, Harry Potter Timeline, Infoplease
"Potter pre-orders exceed previous book," Bloomberg News, February 2, 2007

Apple #198: Dewey Decimal System

Yes, Dan, there really still is a Dewey Decimal System. And thanks for asking!

For those of you who may not know, the Dewey Decimal Classification system is a method of organizing materials, usually in a library, according to their subject. Think about it this way: you're standing in a library, book in hand. Where do you put the book? Say it's a book about robins, written by one of your favorite authors who also writes a lot of fiction, say Alexander Dumas. Do you put the book with other non-fiction books about robins, or do you put it next to books written by Alexander Dumas? This system helps you make that decision.

Next, you use the system to assign a code to the book. That code gets entered in a list of all the books in the library, and you can use the list to help you find that book again later, as well as any other book in the list. The list is called a catalog and the code given to each book is called the catalog number. The number gets printed on the spine of the book, and then you shelve the book about robins sequentially next to books with a similar number.

There are actually two major classification systems like this used in libraries in the United States and in libraries internationally. The other system, besides Dewey, is referred to as the Library of Congress Subject Headings (for those who know it on an informal basis, LC).

LC is much more comprehensive and detailed than Dewey and is most often used in larger libraries at universities, or at libraries with very specialized collections. The Dewey Decimial Classifaction system (DDC) is used most often in small to medium-sized libraries. Your local public library probably uses Dewey.

In fact, the Dewey Decimal system is the one most widely used in the world. It was originally developed by a guy named Melvil Dewey in 1876.


Melvil Dewey, looking kind of young
(Photo from the Harris County Public Library)


The Dewey Decimal System is now owned -- yes, it is intellectual property that has been bought and paid for -- by a company called OCLC, the Online Computer Library Center. OCLC is actually a consortium, but a very powerful one in the library world. Essentially, they provide the software that the vast majority of libraries use to catalog their collections. You can use software that will catalog according to Dewey or LC, as you choose for your library.


One of OCLC's buildings at headquarters in Dublin, Ohio
(Photo from OCLC)

• If your library uses Dewey, the code on the spines of the books will start with numbers. If your library uses LC, the codes will begin with letters, followed by numbers.
• Melvil Dewey devised his classification system in 1876, when he was 45 years old. He also helped found the American Library Association in the same year, he edited one of the oldest magazines about books and libraries, the Library Journal, and he is generally recognized as the founder of library science in the United States.
• Mr. Dewey also promoted the metric system. Makes sense, since his Decimal System works pretty much in base ten, as does the metric system.
  
• The Dewey Decimal System divides all fields of knowledge into ten major subject classes, indicated with the numbers 000 through 999. Each 100 mark denotes a new subject.
  
• 000 Generalities
  
• 100 Philosophy & Psychology
  
• 200 Religion
• 300 Social Sciences
• 400 Language
• 500 Natural Sciences & Math
• 600 Technology & Applied Sciences
• 700 Art, Sports, & Recreation
• 800 Literature & Rhetoric
• 900 Geography, History, Biography
  

• Categorizations within a given subject are indicated by changing the numbers within that 100-level. Here's how we would make some cataloging decisions for our book about robins:
• At the 100-level, we'd use the 500s, for Natural Sciences
• At the 10-level, we'd use 590s, which is for books about Animals
• At the 1-level, we'd use 598, which is for books about Birds
• Next comes the decimal, and we'd proceed from there, with greater specificity at each step until we have a code that describes this and only this book.
  

• One of the biggest problems with the Dewey system today is that there really isn't room within it to handle books about computers, hardware, software, video games, and that sort of thing. None of that technology was even imagined in the 1870s, and there just isn't a whole lot of room in the 620s (Engineering) for all the information about computer technologies.
  
• If you go to your library's section on computers and look at the catalog numbers on the spines of the books in that section, you'll see that the numbers are probably really really long. That's because the only way the cataloger could get specific enough about the book was to add more sub-categories within the 620s.
• For similar reasons, the Dewey System can sometimes result in awkward cataloging of non-book media, like music recordings or movies -- how do you indicate that something's on VHS as opposed to a DVD? Most libraries just put VHS before the catalog number or the like, but that means essentially that the Dewey System has to be modified to accommodate these other formats. And what do you do for software that's written for a PC as opposed to software written for a Mac?

Clearly, librarians are not the only people who have trouble figuring out what to do with piles of floppy disks
(Photo from ACT/Apricot)

• Questions arise not just because of modern formats or technology. Just this year, the Lords of Cataloging at OCLC couldn't figure out how to categorize a book written by Jim Belushi called Real Men Don't Apologize.
  

• "With all due respect to the author," said Leslie Buncombe, chair of OCLC's Editorial Policy Committee, "we remain unsure how to categorize this particular work. What is it? Autobiography? Self-Help? We can't even tell if it's fiction or non-fiction. Maybe it's Fantasy Biography?"
  
• I have encountered many books that walk that weird line of "I'm a celebrity and I'm going to tell you about my life and maybe give you some tips but also just talk about how great I am." It is hard to know what to do with those things sometimes.
  
• Buncombe isn't even sure this particular item is "an actual book."

• I should note that catalogers have to make decisions like this all the time, regardless of what cataloging system they're using. In other words, just deciding to use LC instead of Dewey doesn't mean you won't encounter similar types of questions.
  
• Any system of classification will have its shortcomings because really nothing can encompass the scope of all human endeavors across all times. After all, that's what these classification systems are trying to do. When you think of it that way, it's really remarkable that they hold up as well as they do.

Only one entry left to tell me your top five favorite Apples! Some of you, I know, already have your five favorites in mind. Now's the time to post 'em, please.


Sources
Rutgers Moving Image Collection, Glossary of Cataloging & General Terms
OCLC, Dewey Decimal Classification System
Middle Tennessee State University, Let's Do Dewey
Duke Libraries, How the Dewey Decimal System Works and Outline of the Dewey Decimal System
"Dewey Decimal System Helpless to Categorize New Jim Belushi Book," The Onion, August 14, 2006

Apple #197: Potted Mums

In the fall, my mom always bought flowering mums and put them on the front porch, along with pumpkins or other various fall-ish decorations. Twice now, I've tried to do the mum thing myself and both times, my mum plants died within a week. I water them, and the water all runs out the bottom of the pot. So I figure, maybe they don't need that much water. Two days later, they're dried up and dead. What's the deal?


You can buy mums like these from Gro-Moore Farms in Henrietta, NY.

• Chysanthemums, or mums for short, bloom naturally in the fall. They can be forced to bloom in greenhouses any time of year, but fall is their true time.

• The Chinese are the first known people to grow Chrysanthemums (what didn't they do first?), as far back as 15 centuries B.C. They believed that mums contained the power of life. So what does this mean for me, who can't keep a mum alive as long as a week?

• According to the garden experts, the most important thing is to give potted mums lots of water.
  

• They like to be watered best from the bottom, so put a pan of water under the pot and let it soak for about 20 minutes. Make sure you don't forget to take the pot out of the water because if you let it sit for too long, the roots will rot.

• Even though potted mums need more water than most plants in the ground, you want to make sure they need the water before you give them more. This means the soil needs time to dry out before you water. A good way to tell if the soil is dry is to pick up the plant in its pot and see if it feels light.
  

• If the leaves have gone limp and turned yellowish green, and the blooms are relatively small, you've probably let it go too long without watering.

• Potted mums also need lots of sun. They like it best in full sun. Even a half-shady place will keep them from blooming their best.
  

• My mom also told me that she plants hers once she gets them home. I don't think this is exactly accurate because I distinctly remember potted mums on the porch, but she says that's what she does with them and that's how she gets them to stay alive longer.

• There are lots of tips on many websites about what to do when your mum has stopped blooming and you want to plant it so it will stay alive and bloom again the next year. My mom says that when she tries this, it usually doesn't work; the plant doesn't survive the winter. Since she's a far, far better gardener than I am, I'm going to go by her word and just try to get my stinking potted mums to live long enough in the fall so I can enjoy their blossoms.

(Photo from Better Homes & Gardens)


P.S. Don't forget to tell me your top five favorite Apples!


Sources
P. Allen Smith, Magnificent Mums
Groth's Gardens, Mum Guide
University of Missouri Extension, Care of Flowering Potted Plants

Apple #196: Baby Carrots

I eat baby carrots just about every day for lunch. I have meant, many times, and now I've finally remembered, to find out if baby carrots are harvested when they're small. Or are they larger carrots that are honed down to size, maybe by a carrot lathe or something.

• As in many things, the truth about baby carrots depends. It depends on the variety of carrot you have purchased.

• Some varieties, the Nantes variety for example, are bred to grow small and ripen quickly so that they can be harvested when they are small.

Nantes carrots, bred to grow small
(seeds are available from Renee's Garden)


Another version of baby carrots, grown in France. Notice how they're a little bit stubbier, and they taper naturally at the ends.
(These are available for ordering from Coosemans Denver)

• Other varieties are bred to ripen quickly, but they grow long and slender. These are harvested early, but they are then peeled and cut into sections.

• Here's how one carrot grower turns large carrots into baby ones:

• Carrots are washed
• A cutter removes the green tops
• An inspector weeds out the misshapen or "problem" carrots
• Automated cutters cut the carrots into two-inch pieces
• A third cutter trims the pieces and does some pre-peeling work
  
• An automated, light-based sorter picks out any carrots that have green in them
• Two-inch pieces are sent down pipes to the peelers
• Peelers rotate, scrape, and peel the two-inch pieces
• Baby carrots are weighed and packaged, then stored in refrigerated units

What most baby carrots look like in the grocery store
(Photo from Harvest Cycle)

• Baby carrots got their start in frozen foods. Food processers were already paring down the larger sized carrots to be included in frozen mixed-vegetable bags.

• Then a California farmer, the guy who sold Bunny-Luv carrots, was tired of dumping his misshapen, consumer-unfriendly-looking carrots. He said he used to feed his extra carrots to his pigs, but pigs can only eat so many carrots before their fat turns orange.

• He saw the frozen baby carrots and thought, why couldn't he do that and package them to be sold fresh? So he tried it, and it was enormously successful from the start.

Your friends, the baby carrots, cooked and buttered, on the plate, ready for you to eat them
(Photo from Busy Cooks)

• One source I read said that baby carrots have less of the good stuff like Vitamin A and beta carotene than larger carrots. This is because when carrots are allowed to ripen over a longer period of time, they store up more nutrients. However, the source said that it isn't too big an issue because regular carrots have been bred and hybridized to increase their nutritional value.
  

• I wanted to know the particulars about this, so I looked up the nutritional data for baby carrots vs regular-sized carrots. I should caution that the data wasn't available in comparable units, so I did some multiplication to get comparable numbers. I don't know if that's how it really works, but at least you'll get an idea of the state of things in carrotland.

• Baby Carrots, 50 grams (nutritional values derived by multiplying nutrition for 10g of baby carrots times 5)
  
• Vitamin A 140%
• Vitamin C 5%
• Calcium 0.1%
• Iron 0.1%
• Sugars 2.5g
• Fiber 1g
  
• Big Carrots, 50 grams (about 1 small-sized regular carrot)
  
• Vitamin A 120%
• Vitamin C 5%
• Calcium 2%
• Iron 1%
  
• Sugars 2.3g
• Fiber 1.5g

• What it comes down to is that carrots are good for you, whether you eat them large or small. Crunch 'em right up.

P.S. Don't forget to tell me your top five favorite Apples, please.


Sources
Ask Yahoo, "Are baby carrots really baby carrots or just carrots cut for babies?" August 4, 2004
Mary Spoon, "Are baby carrots as nutritious as large ones?" Reno Gazette-Journal, June 24, 2002
Elizabeth Wiese, "Digging the baby carrot," USA Today, August 11, 2004
Calorie Count, baby carrots and regular carrots
To read more about how Grimmway Farms grows and processes their baby carrots, go to their Consumers page, then choose Baby Carrots